Ares: The Dual Faces of War and Valor in Ancient Myth and Modern Mind

In the echoing annals of ancient history, where the clash of shields and the roar of battle cries reverberated under the watchful gaze of gods and mortals alike, there stood Ares, a deity as enigmatic as the wars he presided over. With a spear in hand and a chariot of fire, he descended onto the fields of conflict, a fearsome spectacle embodying the very essence of war and courage. In the intricate tapestry of Greek mythology, where gods influenced every aspect of human life, Ares carved out his own distinct realm, one marked by the tumultuous rhythm of battle drums and the relentless spirit of warriors.

The pantheon of Olympian gods presents a vivid spectrum of deities, each embodying unique facets of the cosmos and human experience. Among these divine entities, Ares, the son of Zeus and Hera, stands as a symbol of the raw and untamed forces of warfare. Unlike his sister Athena, who personified strategic warfare and wisdom, Ares represented the chaotic and brutal nature of battle, a deity who relished in the heat of combat and the glory of victory.

This essay seeks to delve into the multifaceted nature of Ares, a deity who was revered and feared, admired and abhorred. We will explore his origins, his character as depicted in myths, and the duality of his essence, reflecting both valor and savagery. Through this exploration, we aim to understand Ares' enduring influence, not just in the ancient world, but also in how his legacy echoes through the corridors of time, shaping perceptions of war and heroism in Greek culture and beyond.

Ares' Origins and Family

Ares emerges from the annals of ancient mythology as a figure of power and paradox. Born to Zeus, the king of the gods, and Hera, the queen of Olympus, Ares was destined to be a deity of significance. His birthright as the son of such powerful figures placed him among the esteemed ranks of the Twelve Olympians, the principal deities in the Greek pantheon. This illustrious lineage bestowed upon Ares not only a throne on Mount Olympus but also a role in the cosmic narrative that shaped the ancient Greek understanding of the world.

As an Olympian, Ares was part of a divine family marked by complex relationships and intriguing dynamics. Among these relationships, perhaps the most striking is the contrast between Ares and his sister Athena. Both were deities of war, yet they epitomized vastly different aspects of it. While Ares was the embodiment of the physical, violent, and chaotic nature of war, Athena represented strategic warfare, wisdom, and the intellectual aspects of battle. This dichotomy between the siblings highlights the ancient Greeks' understanding of warfare as a multifaceted phenomenon, encompassing both brute force and strategic planning.

Athena, born from the head of Zeus, was celebrated for her tactical acumen and revered as a goddess of wisdom and skillful warfare. In stark contrast, Ares, often depicted as impulsive and fierce, personified the bloody and tumultuous side of war. He was seen as a god who reveled in the clamor and fury of the battlefield, a deity whose mere presence could sway the tide of war. This contrast between Ares and Athena is not just a tale of two gods; it is a reflection of the ancient Greek worldview that saw war as a complex interplay of physical prowess and strategic intellect.

In exploring the origins and familial connections of Ares, one uncovers a narrative that is as much about the gods as it is about the people who worshipped them. Ares, as a son of Zeus and Hera and a brother to Athena, stands as a testament to the rich and layered storytelling that is Greek mythology, a saga where gods mirror the virtues and vices, the complexities and contradictions, of the very mortals who looked up to them.

Characteristics and Symbolism

Ares stands as a figure emblematic of aggression and impulsiveness, traits that define his very essence as the god of war. His personality, steeped in the fervor of battle and the chaos of conflict, paints a picture of a deity who is not just a participant in war but its very incarnation. Ares' aggressive nature is evident in the myths and stories that surround him, where he is often depicted as relishing the clamor and brutality of warfare. This impulsiveness, while sometimes leading to strategic missteps, also underscores his role as a symbol of the unbridled and raw power of war.

The symbolism associated with Ares further accentuates his martial character. He is often depicted with traditional instruments of war: a helmet, signifying his readiness for battle; a shield, representing his role as a protector and participant in war; and a sword or spear, symbols of his prowess and strength in combat. These attributes are not mere accessories; they are extensions of his identity, representing the very essence of warfare and conflict.

Additionally, the intriguing association of Ares with apples, as noted by Littlewood and Artemidorus, adds another layer to his symbolism. In this context, apples are not symbols of temptation or knowledge, as in other mythological traditions, but rather emblems of discord and strife. This association likely stems from the mythological "Apples of Discord," which were a catalyst for conflict. The link between Ares and apples, therefore, is not just symbolic but also indicative of his influence in stirring unrest and inciting war.

Ares' characteristics and symbols collectively portray a deity who is not only integral to the fabric of Greek mythology but also represents the ancient Greeks' understanding of war as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. His aggressive nature, impulsive tendencies, and the symbolism that surrounds him all contribute to a nuanced depiction of the god of war, a figure who embodies the valor and violence inherent in human conflict.

Ares in Mythology

Ares features in several narratives that reveal both his might and the often humiliating challenges he faces. One of the most notable tales is his role in the Trojan War, a conflict that stands as a testament to the complexities of divine interference in human affairs. In this epic saga, Ares initially supports the Trojans, swayed by Aphrodite, the protector of Troy and his lover. This decision reflects not only his allegiance to Aphrodite but also his impulsive nature, choosing sides based on personal relationships rather than strategic considerations. However, the Trojans, despite Ares' support, ultimately face defeat. His sister Athena, aligning with the Greeks, tips the scale against him, underscoring the strategic prowess that Ares often lacks.

The affair between Ares and Aphrodite is another pivotal narrative that illustrates Ares' character. This liaison, marked by passion and secrecy, leads to one of the most embarrassing moments for Ares. The affair is exposed by Aphrodite's husband, Hephaestus, who cunningly traps the illicit lovers in a net and presents them before the other Olympian gods, subjecting Ares to ridicule and shame. This episode not only highlights Ares' impulsive and passionate nature but also serves as a narrative device to contrast his brute force with the cunning and intelligence of other deities.

Ares' cultural perception is deeply influenced by his reputation for savagery and his possible Thracian origins. The ancient Greeks had ambivalent feelings towards Ares, viewing him as both a necessary force in warfare and a representation of its most brutal aspects. This ambivalence is further reflected in the association of Ares with the Thracians, a people whom the Greeks regarded as barbarous and warlike. The Thracians' fierce reputation in battle and their worship of a warlike deity possibly akin to Ares reinforced the perception of the god as a figure of untamed aggression and violence. This cultural viewpoint situates Ares as a deity who, while respected for his martial prowess, is also feared and even disdained for his brutal nature.

In summary, Ares' role in Greek mythology, characterized by both his participation in pivotal myths like the Trojan War and his tumultuous affair with Aphrodite, paints a picture of a god who is as formidable in battle as he is susceptible to humiliation. His cultural perception, intertwined with his reputed Thracian origins, further cements his image as a deity embodying the ferocity and unpredictability of war.

Cultural Impact

Ares had a profound impact on ancient Greek culture, both in religious worship and artistic representation. Despite the ambivalence towards him, reflected in his depiction as both a necessary force and a symbol of violence and brutality, Ares held a significant place in the Greek pantheon. His influence is seen in various aspects of Greek life, from the way he was worshipped to his portrayal in art and literature.

In terms of worship, Ares' cult was not as widespread as that of other Olympian gods, but it was notable in certain regions. For instance, in mainland Greece and the Peloponnese, formal temples and cults dedicated to Ares were relatively few. However, Pausanias, a 2nd-century AD geographer, mentions an altar to Ares at Olympia and a temple of Ares moved to the Athenian agora during the reign of Augustus, re-dedicated as a Roman temple to Mars Ultor. This relocation and rededication signify a blend of Greek and Roman religious practices and the evolving perception of Ares. Moreover, the Areopagus, a significant location in Athens named after Ares, was where the god was tried by the Olympian gods for the murder of Poseidon's son. This site later became known for its judicial role, overseeing trials and investigations, linking Ares' influence to the legal and moral aspects of society.

Artistically, Ares was often depicted in the full armor of a Greek warrior, symbolizing his martial nature. His representations in art varied, sometimes showing him as a fierce warrior, at other times as a victim of humiliation, reflecting the complex nature of his character in mythology.

The transformation of Ares into Mars during the Hellenization of Latin literature marked a significant shift in his cultural and religious importance. As the Roman Empire adopted and adapted Greek culture, Ares' identity was merged with that of Mars, the Roman god of war. However, Mars held a more dignified and central place in Roman religion compared to Ares in Greek culture. Mars was seen as an ancestral protector of the Roman state and its people, a far cry from the often scorned and ridiculed Ares. This transformation reflects the differing attitudes of Greeks and Romans towards the deities of war, with the Romans attributing a more positive and honorable aspect to their war god.

In later Western art and literature, Ares and Mars became virtually indistinguishable due to this cultural synthesis. Renaissance and Neoclassical works often blended the characteristics of the two deities, depicting them with a romanticized valor rather than focusing on the cruel and bloodthirsty aspects of the Greek Ares. This conflation demonstrates how the perception of deities can evolve over time, influenced by cultural and historical changes.

In summary, Ares' cultural impact in ancient Greece was multifaceted, encompassing religious worship, representation in art, and his influence on societal structures like the legal system. His transformation into Mars and subsequent conflation in Western art and literature highlight the fluid nature of mythological figures and their adaptability to changing cultural contexts.

Analysis and Interpretation

The figure of Ares in Greek mythology presents a fascinating study of the dual nature of war, encapsulating both its valorous and violent aspects. As the god of war, Ares embodies the physical courage and strength necessary for success in battle. However, this valor is intertwined with a representation of brutality and bloodlust, reflecting the darker sides of warfare. This duality in Ares' character is not just a portrayal of a mythical deity but also a mirror to the complexities of human nature and societal values, especially in the context of war and conflict.

Ares, as an aggressive and impulsive deity, symbolizes the raw, uncontrolled force of war. His character shows that war is not just a field of honor and heroism but also one of unrestrained violence and destruction. The contrast between Ares and Athena, his sister, highlights this duality further. While Athena represents strategic and just warfare, Ares represents the chaotic and destructive aspect. This contrast underscores a critical understanding in Greek thought – that war, while sometimes necessary, carries with it the potential for unchecked savagery.

Moreover, Ares’ frequent experiences of humiliation in mythological narratives serve as a commentary on the inherent risks and follies of war. These stories often illustrate that reliance solely on physical strength and aggression, without the balance of strategy and wisdom, can lead to downfall and disgrace. Such narratives could be seen as a reflection of societal values, warning against the unbridled pursuit of warlike endeavors and the importance of tempering martial prowess with prudence.

The varied cultural perceptions of Ares, from his worship in Greece to his transformation into Mars in Roman culture, also reflect shifting societal attitudes towards war. In Greek culture, where Ares was often viewed ambivalently, his portrayal could be seen as a caution against the excesses of warfare. On the other hand, the more honorable and esteemed Mars in Roman culture reflects a society that perhaps viewed war more as a means of achieving peace and stability, a necessary aspect of statecraft and empire-building.

In conclusion, Ares, in his dual nature, represents the multifaceted reality of war – an enterprise that can be both honorable and destructive. His depiction in Greek mythology and his evolution in later cultures reveal much about human attitudes towards war and conflict. Ares embodies the paradox of war: a pursuit that can be both a display of valor and a descent into violence, reflecting the eternal conflict within human nature between aggressive impulses and the pursuit of just and righteous causes.

Conclusion

Throughout this exploration of Ares, we have encountered a complex and multifaceted deity whose character and influence extend far beyond the ancient battlefields of mythology. Ares, born to Zeus and Hera and a prominent member of the Twelve Olympians, embodies the dual aspects of war — valor and brutality. His aggressive and impulsive nature, represented through his symbols of war such as the helmet, shield, sword, and spear, and the unique association with apples as emblems of discord, paints a vivid picture of a deity who personifies the raw and unrestrained face of warfare.

In mythology, Ares' participation in key narratives, such as the Trojan War and his affair with Aphrodite, showcases not only his martial prowess but also his susceptibility to humiliation and ridicule. This portrayal reflects the ancient Greeks' ambivalent attitude towards him, viewing him as both a necessary force and a symbol of the darker aspects of war. His representation in art and worship, though less widespread compared to other Olympian gods, further highlights the complex relationship between the deity and the people who revered him.

The transformation of Ares into Mars during the Hellenization of Latin literature signifies a notable shift in his perception. As Mars, he gained a more dignified and important role in Roman religion, contrasting with the often less favorable view of Ares in Greek culture. This evolution in his character from Ares to Mars in later Western art and literature underscores the adaptability and enduring nature of mythological figures across different cultures and eras.

Ares' enduring legacy in modern culture and literature continues to fascinate and influence. His character offers insights into the human condition — the perpetual struggle between aggression and strategy, brutality and valor. Ares serves as a reminder of the timeless nature of conflict and war, echoing through history as a representation of both the heroism and the horror inherent in human strife. In contemporary times, Ares' mythological narratives and symbolism continue to resonate, providing a lens through which to examine our own societal values and attitudes towards war and conflict.

In summary, Ares, the ancient Greek god of war, remains a powerful symbol in our collective consciousness. His legacy, shaped by the dualities of his character and the transformations across cultures, continues to influence modern interpretations of warfare, heroism, and the human propensity for both conflict and courage.

Ancient Texts

Homer's "Iliad" - Offers early references to Hades and the Greek pantheon, contributing to our understanding of the gods' roles and relationships.

Homer's "Odyssey" - Particularly the Nekyia, where Odysseus ventures into the underworld and encounters Hades, providing insights into the Greek conception of the afterlife.

Hesiod's "Theogony" - Provides an account of the origins of the gods, including Hades' birth and his role in the division of the cosmos post-Titanomachy.

The Homeric "Hymn to Demeter" - Narrates the abduction of Persephone by Hades and is crucial for understanding his relationship with Persephone and Demeter, as well as the mythological basis for the seasons.

Virgil's "Aeneid" - Though Roman, it offers a perspective on the underworld and includes references to Greek mythology and Hades (Pluto in Roman mythology).

Modern Scholarly Interpretations

"The Greek Myths" by Robert Graves - Provides detailed retellings and analyses of Greek myths, including those concerning Hades, with interpretations of their symbolic meanings.

"Greek Religion" by Walter Burkert - A comprehensive study of ancient Greek religion, including the cult of Hades and the rituals associated with death and the afterlife.

"The Gods of Olympus: A History" by Barbara Graziosi - Offers an exploration of the evolution of the Greek gods, including Hades, from their origins to their roles in modern culture.

"Persephone's Quest: Entheogens and the Origins of Religion" by R. Gordon Wasson, Albert Hofmann, and Carl A. P. Ruck - While focusing on the Eleusinian Mysteries, this work provides insight into the myth of Persephone and Hades and its significance in ancient religious practices.